Major industries in Texas, including agriculture and oil and gas production, unquestionably produce some carbon dioxide. The idea of regulating the greenhouse gases, and in particular, the CO2, produced by these industries as a toxic substance is irresponsible, however. Not only is this kind of regulation misguided and politically motivated, the economic costs of regulation could be staggering, especially in this recession. Why would the federal government want to beat on us when we're down??

It is especially heartening to see the Texas Governor, Rick Perry, take on the EPA by bringing suit to stop EPA from regulating greenhouse gases in Texas. Many of us are cheering for him!

My guest blog today is written by Sergei Lemberg, a consumer attorney who specializes in fair debt law. I learned recently that Sergei had been involved with the Chrysler bankruptcy on behalf on consumers. In his words: "When Chrysler filed bankruptcy, the company didn't want to pay lemon law claims, and a group of lawyers and I wrote a letter to the US Trustee complaining that this isn't fair. ... I posted the letter on the LemonJustice blog, and the link ended up circulating like fire around the country, including the Auto Czar's office, the NYT Times, LA Times. Random chance, but the newspapers picked up the story, and the car maker finally caved". Way to go, Sergei!

Please take a moment to review his article regarding harassment by collection agencies. You can find more information about fair debt collection on Sergei's website, www.stopcollector.com.

How to Fight Collection Agencies’ Harassment

By Sergei Lemberg

If you’ve been on the receiving end of debt collection calls, you’ve likely been subject to collection agencies’ harassment. Bill collectors are notorious for disregarding your rights, as outlined in the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act.

What are those rights? Essentially, collection agencies don’t have the right to trample on your dignity. The law outlines whom they can contact, what they can say, and when they can call. If you feel like you’re being harassed, then you probably are. The question then becomes, how do you fight collection agencies’ harassment? There are basically three approaches you can take. First, you can pay off the debt. Of course, the reality is that, if you had the money to pay off the debt, you wouldn’t be a target for debt collection agencies. So, let’s take that one off the table. The second approach is a do-it-yourself approach. So, for example, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act says that an agency must stop contacting you if you write a cease and desist letter. You can write that letter and mail it yourself (but make sure to send it via certified mail), and theoretically the debt collection agency will get off your back. Unfortunately, bill collectors rarely play by the book, and a cease and desist letter often doesn’t work.

What’s the third approach? Engage the services of a consumer attorney who specializes in fair debt law. I know what you’re thinking. If you could afford an attorney, you could afford to pay the bill. What you may not realize is that fair debt attorneys will most likely take your case for free. That’s because the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act says that, if you’re the victim of collection agencies’ harassment, the bill collector has to pay your attorney fees. In other words, your attorney will get paid, but you don’t have to foot the bill. Best of all, once you have an attorney, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act says that all calls and correspondence must be routed through your attorney. That means that you’ll no longer have a knot in your stomach every time the phone rings, or that you’ll no longer dread what the mail might bring.

Several oil and gas operators, beginning with Petrohawk Energy Corporation, and including many of the larger companies (Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, XTO Energy Inc., Chesapeake Energy Corporation and several others), are quietly signing up leases and drilling exploratory wells. The "word on the street" is that the cost of drilling a gas well in the Eagle Ford Shale may be substantially less than in the Barnett Shale or the Haynesville Shale, although drilling in the heavy clay present in portions of the Eagle Ford shale presents its own challenges.

The Eagle Ford Shale underlies large portions of Texas, but it doesn't always contain gas. Currently, leasing appears to be limited to Colorado, Dewitt and Karnes Counties. Other counties that may see leasing activity include Bee, Dimmit, Goliad, LaSalle, Lavaca, Live Oak, McMullen, and Webb Counties. An increase in the price of gas (which, given the large amount of current reserves, probably won't happen for a while) would certainly accelerate activity in this play.

Basic economics dictates that when prices are low, oil and gas companies are reluctant to expend the large sums necessary to drill new wells. They are not going to make the investment if they can't get a return. As the world economy recovers, demand for oil and gas will increase, the price of oil and gas will increase and the drilling of new wells will once again generate sufficient returns to support the cost of drilling. Once oil and gas companies begin to drill again, mineral owners will begin to get calls from landmen working for the oil and gas companies, seeking new leases. I may be a bit optimistic, but I see leasing and drilling activity in Texas picking up by March and April 2010.

These are just a sample of the kinds of serious issues involved in negotiating an HVTL easement or right of way agreement. Each of these can be major issues if not properly addressed in the easement. For all these reasons, many landowners consider it simply good insurance to consult an attorney before they sign an HVTL or electrical line easement. The cost of an attorney is a small fraction of the amount of potential damages caused by the line. In many cases, an attorney will pay for themselves because they are able to negotiate more complete damage payments from the company.

Now the price of oil and gas is increasing, and phoenix-like, the Texas energy industry begins to rise from the ashes. This time, there are some dark clouds on the horizon, coming in from our nation's capitol, that do not bode well for the energy industry. President Obama, while proclaiming that he wants to achieve independence from foreign oil sources, is considering two things that would cripple our domestic oil and gas industry. Specifically, he wants to eliminate intangible drilling costs and depletion allowance as deductions for oil and gas operators on their federal income tax. He wrongly calls these "subsidies", in an attempt to gain support for this policy.

The deduction for intangible drilling costs allows oil and gas companies to deduct the cost of exploring for oil and gas from later oil and gas income. These costs include such things as seismic tests, surveys, engineering fees, wages, etc. The intangible drilling cost deduction encourages oil and gas companies to explore for new energy sources. The depletion allowance allows oil and gas companies to deduct a portion of the value of their mineral deposits as those deposits are used up, just as the owner of a machine used to produce goods is allowed to depreciate his machine.

It took decades for the domestic energy industry to recover from the ill-conceived, poorly timed and wrongly executed policies of Jimmy Carter. President Carter's policies drove many smaller companies out of business, and encouraged other producers and refiners to move outside of the United States. When we experience those times of high gasoline prices in the United States, it is primarily Carter that we have to thank. Unfortunately, we now seem to have another President headed down this same irresponsible path.The announced policies of Obama are bad policy policy for at least four reasons: 1) most energy production in this country comes from small, independent companies, not "big guys" like Exxon or Mobil, and these small companies are going to be hurt badly by this policy; 2) these policies will result in much higher prices at the pump for consumers, who are having a hard enough time already; 3) Carter's policies drove the "big guys" overseas, and now Obama's policy would diminish the remaining independents; and 4) the higher energy prices will contribute in a big way to inflation. Is this really the way to achieve energy independence? I think not!

1. First, we take your percentage of mineral ownership in the land in question, and we multiply that by the number of surface acres in your entire tract. This result is that your net mineral acres. For example, if two relatives together own a one-half interest in a forty acre tract, or ½ times 40, they have twenty net mineral acres.

2. Secondly, if the land is located in a pooling unit, (sometimes also called a pro-ration unit), we multiple the total number of acres in the tract by a pro-ration fraction. The reason for this is that each royalty owner in a pooling unit is only entitled to their proportionate share of the oil or gas produced by the entire pooling unit. A pooling unit is an area around a well that is set by the Texas Railroad Commission, and is intended to approximate the area drained by a producing well. Pooling units can range in size from 80 to 640 acres or more. For example, for a forty acre tract that is located in a 320 acre pooling unit, that forty acre tract is entitled to 40/320, or 0.12500, of the minerals (whether oil or gas or both) produced by that 320 acre unit.

3. Third, we multiply that result by the royalty fraction in the oil and gas lease you signed.

4. Finally, we divide that result by the number of current owners to determine what portion of the total production from the pooling unit each owner is entitled to.

By way of example, let’s say you and a relative own 20 net mineral acres in a 40 acre tract. Let’s also say that the pooling unit is 320 acres. This fraction in our example would be 40/320. Next we multiply that result by the royalty fraction in the oil and gas lease that was signed, which in our example is 1/6. Finally, we divide that result by the number of owners, which in our example is two.

Here is the calculation for our example in numeric form:

First, I convert the fractions to decimals so they are easier to multiply:

20/40 = 0.5

40/320 = 0.12500

1/6 = 0.166666

1/2 = 0.5

Next, I multiply out the calculation:

0.5 X 0.12500 X 0.166666 X .5 = 0.005206

The result of this calculation is that for every dollar of gas sold from the well, you and your sister in our example would each get 0.005206 of that dollar. This does not seem like much, but a good gas well can produce millions of BTU's of gas, and so the royalty payments can be substantial.

Oil and gas companies can and do make mistakes in calculating a mineral owner's royalties. If you think your royalties are not being calculated correctly, give me a call.

Victoria is the author of an article in an upcoming issue of Progressive Farmer regarding pipeline easements and rights-of-way. My discussion with her has caused me to update my list of issues involved in these kind of agreements by adding a few from her list. Here is the updated list:

1. Is the easement limited to a specific area, or is it a blanket easement over your entire property?
2. Is the pipeline going to be buried to an appropriate depth, in light of your future use of that property, what the pipeline will carry and the anticipated size of the pipeline?
3. Does the easement obligate the pipeline company to refill to the original contour of the land and maintain that contour as the fill packs down?
4. Is the pipeline company obligated to remove and save the top soil from the easement area separately, to replace the topsoil and reseed with whatever grass was there originally and in general to restore the easement area to its original condition?
5. Will any waterways or drainage tiles be impacted by the pipeline? If so, is the pipeline company obligated to repair these to their original condition and possibly pay damages for temporary loss of use?
6. If your land is used for agricultural purposes, can construction, installation and maintenance be performed when the ground is cold or frozen to reduce soil compaction?
7. Is there a "temporary work area" in addition to the easement itself? Are you receiving an additional payment for use of this area?
8. Pipeline installation can involve a lot of very heavy equipment which will compact the soil. Is the temporary work area situated so that the soil compaction is kept to a minimum? Are you being paid damages if the compaction that does occur prevents future crops in this area?
9. Will you be compensated for crop loss or crop damage caused by the installation and construction phase as well as by the permanent pipeline?
10. Is the pipeline company required to notify you prior to use of herbicides for brush or weed control?
11. If fences will be effected, is the pipeline company obligated to use temporary fencing and to restore the original fence to same or better than the original?
12. If fences must be cut, will a gate be installed that is of a design and quality suitable for the use of that gate?
13. Will you have rights to use the surface in any manner that does not interfere with the pipeline?
14. Will the pipeline company agree to avoid important trees and not to remove or trim trees without your consent?
15. Will the pipeline company agree to mark the pipeline route with durable and permanent markers?
16. Will the pipeline company agree to be responsible for any damages that are caused directly or indirectly by the installation, operation, maintenance or removal of the pipeline?
17. Does the easement terminate if it is unused for a certain length of time?
18. Will there be above-ground equipment along the pipeline route? If there is going to be above-ground equipment, are you going to be separately and appropriately compensated for it?
19. Will you get a separate payment for the easement and for damages?

These are just a sample of the kinds of serious issues involved in negotiating a pipeline easement or right of way agreement. Each of these can be major issues if not properly addressed in the easement. For example:

1. If there is no right on your part to declare an unused easement to be abandoned, that easement will show up on your title forever, even if it has not been used for many years. This can create a major impediment to future uses of your property. You can try to get a release of the easement, but the pipeline company may not exist any longer, and there may be no one to sign a release. You may even need to file a suit and obtain a court order to declare the easement terminated.

2. Above-ground equipment can include valves, gas compressors (that can be very loud and messy) loops or pig entry sites or measurement equipment that may interfere with irrigation equipment.

3. Regarding payments, currently easement payments are taxed as capital gains but damages payments are not taxable. If you get one check and the payment for the easement is combined with the payment for damages, the IRS may well assume that the entire payment is taxable.

4. Construction equipment may prevent irrigation of a field at a critical time. In fact, the construction phase may render the entire field unusable, with the resulting loss of the crop from that field. You need to be sure the compensation paid to you includes the value of the lost crop.

For all these reasons, many landowners consider it simply good insurance to consult an attorney before they sign a pipeline easement. The cost of an attorney is a small fraction of the amount of potential damages caused by pipeline construction. In many cases, an attorney will pay for themselves because they are able to negotiate more complete damage payments from the pipeline company.

First, I will need to know the Texas county in which you believe your relative or ancestor owned property or minerals. In addition, if you have any written documentation regarding this ownership, I ask you to provide me with copies. Any documentation, such as an old deed, an old oil and gas lease, a will, an old tax statement, a plat, a survey, a copy of the county appraisal district map showing the land, a stub from an old royalty check, or even just an address, can be very helpful. It is certainly possible to research all counties in Texas, but since there are 254 counties in Texas, the expense would be substantial.

Next, I research the status of your relative’s ownership of the real property that may be subject to an oil and gas lease or leases. Even if you already have a legal description of the property, it is essential to make sure that your relative has not, unknown to you, conveyed or transferred the property in question to a third party, or perhaps lost the property due to delinquent taxes. If we proceed without the precise legal description of each parcel of real property, or if the legal description is inaccurate or incomplete, or if your relative has sold or lost the property or the mineral interest, the time and expense involved in further work will be wasted.

Once we have completed the real estate research, I identify any oil and gas wells that have been or are located on your relative’s property. In addition, I determine whether your relative’s lease was part of a pooling or production unit. I obtain copies of the pooling documents so that I can calculate your relative’s ownership percentage and royalty.

If a well or wells have been identified, I then perform a royalty analysis. There are three components to this analysis. First, I determine the historical production from these wells. Secondly, I use historical price data to calculate the approximate income from the production from any wells. Thirdly, I use the ownership percentage formula to determine royalties due to you and your relatives.

The final step is to assemble a package of the research and transmit this with a demand letter to the well operator and/or owner to pay royalties to you and any relative who shares ownership of the minerals with you.

Sometimes we find property owned by your ancestor that has never been put in your name. If that is the case, there are simple legal procedures to cure this situation that I will be happy to discuss with you. These procedures will both clear title to family land (so future generations won't have to face these issues) as well as clear the way to getting oil and gas royalties paid to you instead of escheated to the State of Texas!

I also get a couple calls a month from someone who signed an oil and gas pipeline easement or right-of-way without consulting an attorney before they signed. Usually, they are seeing activity by the pipeline company that disturbs them and they want to know if the agreement they signed "lets them to do that?" The answer most of the time is "Yes". Their next question almost always is: "Can I cancel this agreement or get out of it somehow?" The answer to that question is usually "No".

I am intrigued by why people would sign such a long term, complex, agreement, without legal advice. I have been cataloging the reasons I hear, out of curiosity. Here are some of the reasons I have heard thus far, and my parenthetical response.

1. "The landman was just so nice". (Yes, he was nice. It is his job to be nice. If he wasn't nice, he would have been fired a long time ago. Besides, have you ever been taken advantage of by someone who wasn't nice?)

2. "The contract did not look that complicated". (Well, if you are not an oil and gas lawyer, do you really know what those words mean? Do you know when words in the agreement have one meaning in ordinary use and other meaning in the oil and gas field? Even more important: do you know what's missing?)

3. "It costs too much to see a lawyer". (There are many oil and gas attorneys in Texas whose fees are not only reasonable, but whose rates are a fraction of the amount of damage that can be done to your land because of an improper agreement. In addition, the attorneys fees are sometimes offset by the increased pipeline company payment as the result of a negotiated agreement.)

4. "The pipeline company promised me everything I wanted, so I didn't care if it was in the easement". (Unfortunately most [though not all] verbal promises by the pipeline company or it's landman are not enforceable under Texas law).

5. "The landman told me I had to sign right away, or they would withdraw their offer and I wouldn't get the money they were offering". (It takes a long, long time to acquire all the right-of-way for a pipeline. There is rarely a situation where it is truly: "sign now or no deal".)

If you get an offer from a pipeline company or it's landman, simply smile and say: "Thank you. I will seriously consider this. I will send it to my attorney promptly and we will be in touch with you soon". And then call your attorney!!

.

How this happens is not difficult to understand. Let's say Mom and Dad bought 100 acres in Texas many years ago. They got a deed to the land and the deed was filed in the deed records of the county where the land is located. They purchased both the surface and the minerals. A while later, they sign an oil and gas lease, and shortly after that, they began getting royalty checks. They don't tell their children about the royalties, or maybe they do and the children forget about them. Many years later, Mom and Dad die, leaving five children. Maybe Mom and Dad died without leaving a will, or maybe they both had wills, but none of the children, for whatever reason, decided to have the wills probated. The five children just assume they each now own a one-fifth share of Mom and Dad's land, or 20 acres each.

Three factors now come into play that result in royalties to Mom and Dad being overlooked by the children. First, most oil and gas companies have certain minimum amounts of royalties that must accrue before they will send a check. If an individual mineral owner has a small share of the royalties on a well, checks may be sent out every few months, or even once a year. Secondly, all wells are shut down from time to time, for repairs or perhaps while a new gas pipeline contract is being negotiated. During this time royalty checks may not be sent out. One of the children or a grandchild may collect Mom and Dad's mail for a time after Mom and Dad die. At some point, they stop doing so, or perhaps the Post Office forwarding order expires and is not renewed. When royalty checks resume, they are returned to the oil or gas company as undeliverable. At that point, Mom and Dad's royalty account is put in suspense, or on hold. After a certain amount of time, the oil or gas company is required by the Texas Property Code to turn all accrued royalties over to the Texas Comptroller.

A third factor that contributes to royalties being overlooked by heirs is that the well that produces royalties for Mom and Dad may not be on the family land. In fact, the well may be a considerable distance away from the family land. The reason is that most oil or gas wells are required by law to be part of a pooling unit. The pooling unit may be as small as eighty acres, in the case of an oil well, or it may be several hundred acres in size, in the case of a gas well. When the well is a distance from the family land, it may not occur to the heirs that the family land is actually part of that well's pooling unit.

(Keep in mind that the oil and gas company must depend on the county deed records to determine property ownership. If Mom and Dad did not have wills, or if they did and they were not probated, or if the wills were probated but the executor of the wills did not prepare a deed transferring the family land to the heirs, or if deeds were prepared but were not actually filed in the county deed records, then nothing shows up in the deed records to show the change of ownership! In addition, keep in mind that it is the heirs' responsibility to keep the oil or gas company informed of changes in ownership. It is not the oil or gas company's job to keep up with the heirs!)

One day, a grandchild or great grandchild may decide to investigate whether royalties are due, and if so, from what company. They will want to be sure that any royalties are paid to the current heirs. The good news is that a Texas oil and gas attorney with experience in this type of investigation can do this for you. Usually, all that is needed is one document relating to the land, such as a deed, an old tax statement, a plat, a survey, a copy of the county appraisal district map showing the land, a stub from an old royalty check, or even just an address. With just this small bit of information, an experienced oil and gas attorney can determine whether this land is part of a pooling unit, whether the well in the unit is producing, and whether royalties are due. Your attorney can then get the records corrected both with the county and the oil or gas company so that royalties are sent to the current heirs.

My office charges a modest fixed fee for this kind of investigation. The payoff for a small investment might just be substantial, not only in terms of monetary return, but also in terms of having title to the family land cleared up for future generations! Please call me if you think there may be missing royalties in your family.

For additional details, go to: http://www.federalhousingtaxcredit.com/faq.php.

1. Is the easement limited to a specific area, or is it a blanket easement over your entire property?
2. Is the pipeline going to be buried to an appropriate depth, in light of your future use of that property, what the pipeline will carry and the anticipated size of the pipeline?
3. Does the easement obligate the pipeline company to refill to the original contour of the land and maintain that contour as the fill packs down?
4. Is the pipeline company obligated to remove and save the top soil from the easement area separately, to replace the topsoil and reseed with whatever grass was there originally and in general to restore the easement area to its original condition?
5. Will you have rights to use the surface in any manner that does not interfere with the pipeline?
6. Will the pipeline company agree to avoid important trees and not to remove or trim trees without your consent?
7. Will the pipeline company agree to mark the pipeline route with durable and permanent markers?
8. Will the pipeline company agree to be responsible for any damages that are caused directly or indirectly by the installation, operation, maintenance or removal of the pipeline?
9. Does the easement terminate if it is unused for a certain length of time?
10. Will there be above-ground equipment along the pipeline route? If there is going to be above-ground equipment, are you going to be separately and appropriately compensated for it?
11. Will you get a separate payment for the easement and for damages?

These can be major issues if not properly addressed in the easement. For example, if there is no right on your part to declare an unused easement to be abandoned, that easement will show up on your title forever, even if it has not been used for many years. This can create a major impediment to future uses of your property. You can try to get a release of the easement, but the pipeline company may not exist any longer, and there may be no one to sign a release. You may even need to file a suit and obtain a court order to declare the easement terminated.

In connection with above-ground equipment, this can include valves, gas compressors (that can be very loud and messy) loops or pig entry sites or measurement equipment (that may interfere with irrigation equipment).

Regarding payments, currently easement payments are taxed as capital gains but damages payments are not taxable. If you get one check and the payment for the easement is combined with the payment for damages, the IRS may well assume that the entire payment is taxable.

If you are the kind of person who takes out their own appendix, then by all means, negotiated your own pipeline easement. However, the small amount you pay an attorney to review and negotiate that easement now is very likely going to save you a lot of expense and distress in the future!

1. they can believe bond ratings agencies again;
2. they can believe corporate accounting again;
3. they think the recession is nearing an end;
4. they think house prices are stabilizing nationally;
5. they regain confidence in the value of a contract and that the federal government will not change the terms of mortgages the investors may have invested in;
6. there is clarity regarding what the income tax rates and capital gains taxes will be in 2009 and beyond;
7. they have sorted out the massive government intervention and determined the unintended consequences; and
8. the return on short-term cash gets so low that corporate dividends and corporate bond interest become attractive again.

Dr. Dotzur's full presentation can be found here. His comments are well worth your time.